PSYT 711: Supplementary Readings

Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, B. & Kleinman, A. (1995). World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-Income Countries, New York: Oxford University Press.

Fabrega, H., Jr. (1997). Evolution and Psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fabrega, H., Jr., & Nguyen, H. (1992). Culture, social structure, and quandaries of psychiatric diagnosis: A Vietnamese case study. Psychiatry, 55, 230-249.

Gaines, A. (1992). Ethnopsychiatry: The Cultural Construction of Professional and Folk Psychiatries. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Galtung, J. (1981). Structure, culture, and intellectual style: An essay comparing saxonic, teutonic, gallic and nipponic approaches. Social Science Information, 20(6), 817-856.

Good, B. J. (1992). Culture, diagnosis and comorbidity. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 1-20.

Good, B. (1994). Medicine, Rationality and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hahn, R. A. (1995). Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.

Kirk, S. A., & Kutchins, H. (1992). The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1989). Cultural variations in the response to psychiatric disorders and emotional distress. Social Science and Medicine, 29(3), 327-339.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1994). Is the concept of mental disorder culturally relative? In S. A. Kirk & S. Einbinder (Eds.), Controversial Issues in Mental Health, (pp. 1-20). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Kleinman, A. M. (1980). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry. New York: Free Press.

Kleinman, A. (1988). The Illness Narratives. New York: Basic Books.

Kleinman, A. (1987). Anthropology and psychiatry: The role of culture in cross-cultural research on illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 447-454.

Kleinman, A., & Kleinman, J. (1991). Suffering and its professional transformation: Toward an ethnography of interpersonal experience. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 15, 275-301.

Leff, J. (1988). Psychiatry Around the Globe: A Transcultural View. London: Gaskell.

Leslie, C., & Young, A. (Eds.). (1992). Pathways to Asian Medical Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Littlewood, R. (1990). From categories to contexts: A decade of the 'new cross-cultural psychiatry'. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 308-327.

Littlewood, R. (1991). Against pathology: The new psychiatry and its critics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 696-702.

Marsella, A.J. & G. M. White (Eds.), (1982). Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy, Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Mezzich, J, Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H., Jr., & Parron, D. (Eds.), (1996) Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis, . Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Mezzich, J. E., Kirmayer, L. J., Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H., Jr., Parron, D. L., Good, B. J., Lin, K.-M., & Manson, S. M. (in press). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.

Murphy, H. B. M. (1982). Comparative Psychiatry: The International and Intercultural Distribution of Mental Illness. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Ratner, C. (1997). Cultural Psychology and Qualitative Methodology: theoretical and Empirical considerations. New York: Plenum Press.

Shweder, R. (1991). Thinking Through Culture: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo! Culture, Experience and the Startle Reflex. New York: Oxford University Press.

Simons, R. C., & Hughes, C. C. (Eds.). (1985). The Culture Bound-Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Wilson, M. (1993). DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: A history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(3), 399-410.

2. Research Methods in Cultural Psychiatry

Canino, G., Lewis-Fernandez, R., & Bravo, M. (1997). Methodological challenges in cross-cultural mental health research. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(2), 163-184.

Westermeyer, J., & Janca, A. (1997). Language, culture and psychopathology: Conceptual and methodological issues. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(3), 291-312.

Alasuutari, P. (1995). Researching Culture: Qualitative Methods and Cultural Studies. London: Sage Publications.

Atkinson, P. & Hammersley, M. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge.

Bock, P. (Ed.). (1994). Handbook of Psychological Anthropology. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.

Flaherty, J. A., Gavira, F. M., Pathak, D., Mitchell, T., Wintrob, R., Richman, J. A., & Birz, S. (1988). Developing instruments for cross-cultural psychiatric research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176(5), 257-263.

Guarnaccia, P. J., Good, B. J., & Kleinman, A. (1990). A critical review of epidemiological studies of Puerto Rican mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(11), 1449-1456.

Helzer, J.E. & Canino, G.J. (eds.) (1994) Alcoholism in North America, Europe and Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hollan, D. (1997). The relevance of person-centred ethnography to cross-cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(2), 219-234.

Ratner, C. (1997). Cultural Psychology and Qualitative Methodology: theoretical and Empirical considerations. New York: Plenum Press.

Stanfield, J.H. & Dennis, R.M. (eds.) (1993). Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods, Newbury Park: Sage.

Suarez-Orozco, M.M., Spindler G. & Spindler, L. (eds.) (1994). The Making of Psychological Anthropology II, Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace.

Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4), 407-415.

van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-Cultural Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Weiss, M. (1997). Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC): Framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(2), 235-264.

Westermeyer, J. (1989). Psychiatric epidemiology across cultures: Current issues and trends. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 26: 5-5-25.

3. Anthropology of the Body

Lock, M. (1993). Cultivating the body: Anthropology and epistemologies of bodily practice and knowledge. Annual Review of Anthropology, 22, 133-135.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1992). The body's insistence on meaning: Metaphor as presentation and representation in illness experience. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 6(4), 323-346.

Lock, M. (1993). Encounters with Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lock, M., & Gordon, D. (Eds.). (1988). Biomedicine Examined. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

O'Neill, J. (1985). Five Bodies: the Human Shape of Modern Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Scheper-Hughes, N., & Lock, M. (1987). The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, (n.s.)1, 6-41.

Sobo, E. J. (1993). One Blood: The Jamaican Body. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Turner, B.S. (1984). The Body and Society, Oxford: Blackwell.

4. Somatization and Cultural Idioms of Distress

Kirmayer, L. J., Young, A., & Robbins, J. M. (1994). Symptom attribution in cultural perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(10), 584-595.

Kirmayer, L.J., Smith, A. & Dao, T.H.T. (1998) Somatization and psychologization: Understanding cultural idioms of distress. In: S. Okpaku (Ed.) Clinical Methods in Transcultural Psychiatry, Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Bhatia, M. S., & Malik, S. C. (1991). Dhat syndrome-A useful diagnostic entity in Indian culture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 691-695.

Csordas, T. J. (Ed.). (1994). Embodiment and Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Delvecchio Good, M.-J., Brodwin, P. E., Good, B. J., & Kleinman, A. (Eds.). (1992). Pain as a Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Good, B., & Good, M. J. D. (1980). The meaning of symptoms: A cultural hermeneutic model for clinical practice. In L. Eisenberg & A. Kleinman (Eds.), The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine, (pp. 165-196). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1984). Culture, affect and somatization. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 21(3 & 4), 159-188 & 237-262.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1987). Languages of suffering and healing: Alexithymia as a social and cultural process. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 24, 119-136.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1988). Mind and body as metaphors: Hidden values in biomedicine. In M. Lock & D. Gordon (Eds.), Biomedicine Examined, (pp. 57-92). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Kleinman, A. (1986). Social Origins of Distress and Disease. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lin, K.-M. (1983). Hwa-Byung: A Korean culture-bound syndrome? American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(1), 105-107.

Lin, K.-M., Lau, J. K. C., Yamamoto, J., Zheng, Y.-P., Kim, H.-S., Cho, K.-H., & Nakasaki, G. (1992). Hwa-byung: A community study of Korean Americans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(6), 386-391.

Mumford, D. B. (1989). Somatic sensations and psychological distress among students in Britain and Pakistan. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 24, 321-326.

Mumford, D. B., Bavington, J. T., Bhatnagar, K. S., Hussain, Y., Mirza, S., & Naeaghi, M. M. (1991). The Bradford Somatic Inventory: A multi-ethnic inventory of somatic symptoms reported by anxious and depressed patients in Britain and the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 379-386.

Mumford, D. B. (1996). The 'Dhat syndrome': A culturally determined symptom of depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 163-167.

Pang, K. Y. C. (1990). Hwabyung: The construction of a Korean popular illness among Korean elderly immigrant women in the United States. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 14(4), 495-512.

Ware, N. C., & Weiss, M. G. (1994). Neurasthenia and the social construction of psychiatric knowledge. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 31(2), 101-124.

5. Insight and Psychosis

Corin, E. (1990). Facts and meaning in psychiatry: An anthropological approach to the lifeworld of schizophrenics. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14, 153-188.

Jenkins, J. H., & Karno, M. (1992). The meaning of expressed emotion: Theoretical issues raised by cross-cultural research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(1), 9-21.

Kirmayer, L.J. & Corin, E. (1997) Inside knowledge: Cultural constructions of insight in psychosis. In: X. Amador & A. David (eds.) Insight in Psychosis. (pp. 193-220) New York: Oxford University Press.

Corin, E., & Lauzon, G. (1992). Positive withdrawal and the quest for meaning: The reconstruction of experience among schizophrenics. Psychiatry, 55, 266-278.

Corin, E., & Lauzon, G. (1994). From symptoms to phenomena: The articulation of experience in schizophrenia. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 25(1), 3-50.

Craig, T. J., Siegel, C., Hopper, K., Lin, S., & Sartorius, N. (1997). Outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders compared between developing and developed countries: A recursive partitioning re-analysis of the WHO DOSMD data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 229-233.

Edgerton, R. B. (1966). Conceptions of psychosis in four East African societies. American Anthropologist, 68, 408-425.

Edgerton, R. B., & Cohen, A. (1994). Culture and schizophrenia: The DOSMD challenge. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 222-231.

Guinness, E. A. (1992). Brief reactive psychosis and the major functional psychoses: Descriptive case studies in Africa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(Suppl. 16), 24-41.

Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Cooper, J. E., Anker, M., Korten, A., & Bertelsen, A. (1994). Culture and schizophrenia: Criticisms of WHO studies are answered. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 434-436.

Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R., & Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures: A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study. Psychological Medicine(Monograph Supplement 20).

Leff, J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., & Ernberg, G. (1992). The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine, 22, 131-145.

Waxler, N. E. (1979). Is outcome for schizophrenia better in nonindustrial societies? The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167(3), 144-158.

World health Organization (1979). Schizophrenia: An International Follow-up Study, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

6. Dissociation and the Narrative Construction of Memory and Experience

Kirmayer, L. J. (1994). Pacing the void: Social and cultural dimensions of dissociation. In D. Spiegel (Ed.), Dissociation: Culture, Mind and Body, (pp. 91-122). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1996). Landscapes of Memory: Trauma, narrative and dissociation. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), Tense Past: Cultural Essays on Trauma and Memory. London: Routledge.

Boddy, J. (1994). Spirit possession revisited: Beyond instrumentality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23, 407-434.

Cardeña, E. (1992). Trance and possession as dissociative disorders. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 29(4), 287-300.

Crapanzano, V. (1980). Tuhami: Portrait of a Moroccan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Crapanzano, V., & Garrison, V. (Eds.). (1977). Case Studies in Spirit Possession. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Freeman, M. (1993). Rewriting the Self: History, Memory, Narrative. London: Routledge.

Hacking, I. (1995). Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kendall, L. (1996). Initiating performance: The story of Chini, a Korean shaman. In C. Laderman & M. Roseman (Eds.), The Performance of Healing, (pp. 17-58). New York: Routledge.

Kenny, M. G. (1986). The Passion of Ansel Bourne: Multiple Personality in American Culture. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Kihlstrom, J. F., Glisky, M. L., & Angiulo, M. J. (1994). Dissociative tendencies and dissociative disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 117-124.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1992). Social constructions of hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40(4), 276-300.

Lambek, M. (1989). From disease to discourse: Remarks on the conceptualization of trance and spirit possession. In C. A. Ward (Ed.), Altered States of Consciousness and Mental Health: A Cross-cultural Perspective, (pp. 36-61). London: Sage.

Lewis, I. M. (1971). Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism. London: Penguin Books.

Lewis-Fernandez. (1992). The proposed DSM-IV trance and possession disorder category: Potential benefits and risks. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 29(4), 301-318.

Littlewood, R. (1995). The return of multiple consciousness: Decadence and postmodernity in the specification of psychopathology. In A. P. Cohen & N. Rapport (Eds.), Questions of Consciousness, (Vol. 33, pp. 153-177). London: Routledge.

Lynn, S. & Rhue, J. (eds.) (1994). Dissociation. New York: Guilford.

Merskey, H. M. (1992). The manufacture of personalities: The production of multiple personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 327-340.

Obeyesekere, G. (1970). The idiom of demonic possession: A case study. Social Science and Medicine, 4, 97-111.

Obeyesekere, G. (1981). Medusa's Hair: An Essay on Personal Symbols and Religious Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ong, A. (1988). The production of possession: Spirits and the multinational corporation in Malaysia. American Ethnologist, 15, 28-52.

Spanos, N. P., & Gottlieb, J. (1979). Demonic possession, mesmerism, and hysteria: A social psychological perspective on their historical interrelations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(5), 527-546.

Spanos, N. P., Weekes, J. R., & Bertrand, L. D. (1985). Multiple personality: A social psychological perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(3), 362-376.

Spiegel, D., & Cardeña, E. (1991). Disintegrated experience: The dissociative disorders revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 366-378.

Schumaker, J. F. (1991). The adaptive value of suggestibility and dissociation. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Human Suggestibility: Advances in Theory, Research, and Application, (pp. 108-131). London: Routledge.

Suryani, L.K. & Jensen, G.D. (1994). Trance and Possession in Bali: A Window on Western Multiple Personality Disorder, Possession Disorder, and Suicide. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

Tilman, J. G., Nash, M. R., & Lerner, P. M. (1994). Does trauma cause dissociative pathology? In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives, (pp. 395-414). New York: Guilford.

Waller, N. G., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 300-321.

Yehuda, R., Elkin, A., Binder-Brynes, K., Kahana, B., Southwick, S. M., Schmeidler, J., & Giller, E. L. (1996). Dissociation in aging Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 935-940.

7. Cultural Concepts of Person, Self & Emotion

Gaines, A. D. (1992). From DSM-I to III-R: Voices of self, mastery and the other: A cultural constructivist reading of U.S. psychiatric classification. Social Science and Medicine, 35(1), 3-24.

Shweder, R., & Bourne, E. J. (1982). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In A. J. Marsella & G. M. White (Eds.), Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy, (pp. 97-137). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Wikan, U. (1989). Managing the heart to brighten face and soul: Emotions in Balinese morality and health care. American Ethnologist, 16(2), 294-312.

Carrithers, M., Collins, S., & Lukes, S. (Eds.). (1985). The Category of the Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cohen, A. P. (1994). Self Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity. London: Routledge.

Cushman, P. (1995) Constructing the Self, Constructing America. New York: Addison-Wesley.

Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Harré, R. (ed.) The Social Construction of Emotions. Oxford: Blackwell.

Harré, R., & Parrott, W. G. (Eds.). (1996). The Emotions: Social, Cultural and Biological Dimensions. London: Sage Publications.

Hatfield, E. Cacioppo, J.T. & Rapson, R.L. (1994). Emotional Contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Karim, W.J. (ed.) (1990). Emotions of Culture: A Malay Perspective. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

Kitayama, K. & Markus, H. (Eds.) (1995). Culture and Emotion, New York: Guilford.

Kleinman, A.M. & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 299-330). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Levy, R. I. (1978). Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Littlewood, R. (1993). Pathology and Identity: The Work of Mother Earth in Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lutz, C. A. (1988). Unnatural Emotions: Everyday sentiments on a micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.

Marsella, A. J., DeVos, G., & Hsu, F. L. K. (Eds.). (1985). Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. New York: Tavistock.

Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 179-204.

Myers, F. (1979). Emotions and the self. Ethos, 7, 343-370.

Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Osgood, C.E., May, W.H. & Miron, M.S. (1975). Cross-cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Rosaldo, M. Z. (1980). Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 426-450.

Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion - What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 379-391.

Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning. American Psychologist, 43(1), 15-22.

Schwartz, T., White, G. M., & Lutz, C. A. (1992). The Social Life of the Self: New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shweder, R. A., & LeVine, R. A. (Eds.). (1984). Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Spiro, M. E. (1993). Is the Western concept of the self "peculiar" within the context of the world cultures? Ethos, 21(2), 107-153.

Stigler, J. A., Shweder, R. A., & Herdt, G. (Eds.). (1990). Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wellenkamp, J. (1995). Cultural similarities and differences regarding emotion disclosure: Some examples form Indonesia and the Pacific. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, Disclosure, and Health, (pp. 293-309). Washington: American Psychological Association

Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Talking about emotions: Semantics, culture, and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 285-319.

Wikan, U. (1990). Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

8. PTSD and the Anthropology of Psychiatry

Young, A. (1995) The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gaines, A. D. (1992). Psychiatry in anthropology: From subject to object in medical anthropology. In A. D. Gaines (Ed.), Ethnopsychiatry: The Cultural Construction of Professional and Folk Psychiatries, . Albany: SUNY Press.

Eisenbruch, M. (1991). From postraumatic stress disorder to cultural bereavement: Diagnosis of Southeast Asian refugees. Social Science and Medicine, 33(6), 673-680.

Boehnlein, J. K., Kinzie, J. D., Leung, P. K., Matsunaga, D., Johnson, R., & Shore, J. H. (1993). The natural history of medical and psychiatric disorders in an American Indian community. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 543-554.

Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C., & Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(7), 913-917.

Kinzie, J. D., Sack, W., Angell, R., Clarke, G., & Ben, R. (1989). A three-year follow-up of Cambodian young people traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 28(4), 501-504.

Marsella, A.J., Friedman, M.J. Gerrity, E.T. & Scurfield, R.M. (Eds.), Ethnocultural Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: Issues, Research and Clinical Applications. Washington: American Psychological Association.

Sack, W. H., Seeley, J. R., & Clarke, G. N. (1997). Does PTSD transcend cultural barriers? A study from the Khmer adolescent refugee project. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 49-54.

Wilson, J.P. & Raphael, B. (eds.) (1993). International handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum.

9. Depression, Anxiety and the Politics of Emotion

Kirmayer, L. J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(1), 19-28.

Kirmayer, L. J., Young, A., & Hayton, B. C. (1995). The cultural context of anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 503-521.

Manson, S. M. (1995). Culture and major depression: Current challenges in the diagnosis of mood disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 487-501.

Obeyesekere, G. (1985). Depression, Buddhism, and the work of culture in Sri Lanka. In A. M. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 134-152). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Beiser, M. (1985). A study of depression among traditional Africans, urban North Americans, and Southeast Asian refugees. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 272-298). Berkeley: University of Californian Press.

Clarvit, S. R., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1997). The offensive type of Taijin-kyofu-sho in New York City: the phenomenology and treatment of a social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(11), 523-527.

Guarnaccia, P. J., Rivera, M., Franco, F., Neighbors, C., & Allende-Ramos, C. (1996). The experiences of ataques de nervios: Towards an anthropology of emotions in Puerto Rico. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 20(3), 343-367.

Hwu, H.-G., Chang, I.-H., Yeh, E.-K., Chang, C.-J., & Yeh, L.-L. (1996). Major depressive disorder in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 497-502.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1997). Culture and anxiety: A clinical and research agenda. In S. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders, (pp. 225-251). New York: Guilford Press.

Levav, I., Kohn, R., Golding, J. M., & Weissman, M. (1997). Vulnerability of Jews to affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(7), 941-947.

Lutz, C. (1985). Depression and the translation of emotional worlds. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 63-100). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Marsella, A. J., & al., e. (1985). Cross-cultural studies of depressive disorders: An overview. In A. M. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 299-330). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mumford, D. B. (1996). The 'Dhat syndrome': A culturally determined symptom of depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 163-167.

Shweder, R. A. (1985). Menstrual pollution, soul loss, and the comparative study of emotions. In A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 182-214). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Touisignant, M. (1984). Pena in the Ecuadorian sierra: A psychoanthropological analysis of sadness. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8(4), 9-30.

Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.-G., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lee, C.-K., Lellouch, J., Lépine, J.-P., Newman, S. C., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wells, J. E., Wickramaratne, P. J., Wittchen, H.-U., & Yeh, E.-K. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(4), 293-299.

Weissman, M. (1988). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Rates, risks and familial patterns. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 22(Suppl. 1), 99-114.

Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.-G., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lee, C.-K., Lellouch, J., Lépine, J.-P., Newman, S. C., Oakley-Browne, M. A., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wells, J. E., Wickramaratne, P. J., Wittchen, H.-U., & Yeh, E.-K. (1997). The cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 305-309.

Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., Leek, C. K., Newman, S. C., Rubiostipec, M., & Wockramaratne, P. J. (1996). The cross-national epidemiology of social phobia: A preliminary report. International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(suppl. 4), 9-14.

10. Immigrant and Refugee Mental Health

Boehnlein, J.K. & Kinzie, J.D. (1995). Refugee trauma. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 32(3): 223-252.

Rousseau, C. (1995). Mental health of refugee children. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 32(3): 299-331.

Beiser, M., & Hyman, I. (1997). Refugee's time perspective and mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(7), 996-1002.

Beiser, M., & Hyman, I. (1997). Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. In I. Al-Issa & M. Tousignant (Eds.), Ethnicity, Immigration, and Psychopathology, (pp. 35-56). New York: Plenum Press.

Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. International Review of Applied Psychology, 38, 185-206.

Bottomley, G. (1992). From Another Place: Migration and the Politics of Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clement, R., Sylvestre, A., & Noels, K. (1991). Modes of acculturation and situational identity: The case of the Haitian immigrants of Montreal. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 23(2), 81-94.

Eisenbruch, M. (1990). The Cultural Bereavement Interview: A new clinical research approach for refugees. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(4), 715-735.

Fernando, S. (1988). Race and Culture in Psychiatry, London: Tavistock/Routledge.

Flaskerud, J. H., & Hu, L. (1992). Racial/ethnic identity and amount and type of psychiatric treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(3), 379-384.

Ghubash, R., Hamdi, E., & Bebbington, P. (1994). The Dubai Community Psychiatric Survey: Acculturation and the prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Psychological Medicine, 24, 121-131.

Grinberg, L. & Grinberg, R. (1989). Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Migration and Exile. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Grizenko, N. & Sayegh, L. & Migneault, P. (Eds.) (1992) Transcultural Issues in Child Psychiatry, Montreal: Editions Douglas.

Harris, H. W., Blue, H. C., & Griffith, E. E. H. (Eds.). (1995). Racial and Ethnic Identity: Psychological Development and Creative Expression. New York: Routledge.

Hauff, E., & Vaglum, P. (1994). Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees: A prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182(2), 85-90.

Hauff, E., & Vaglum, P. (1995). Organized violence and the stress of exile: Predictors of mental health in a community cohort of Vietnamese refugees three years after resettlement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1360-367.

Halpern, D. (1993). Minorities and mental health. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 597-607.

Kinzie, J.D. & Sack, W. (1991) Severely traumatized Cambodian children: Research findings and clinical implications. In: F.L. Ahiam (Ed.) Refugee Children Traumatized by War, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Lai, J., & Linden, W. (1993). The smile of Asia: Acculturation effects on symptom reporting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 2, 303-313.

Lock, M. (1990). On being ethnic: The politics of identity breaking and making in Canada, or, nevra on Sunday. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14(2), 237-254.

Marsella, A.J., Borneman, T., Ekblad, S. & Orley, J. (eds.) (1994). Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well-Being of the Worlds Refugees. Washington: American Psychlogical Association.

Mavreas, V., & Bebbington, P. (1990). Acculturation and psychiatric disorder: A study of Greek Cypriot immigrants. Psychological Medicine, 20(4), 941-952.

Morris, P., & Silove, D. (1992). Cultural influences in psychotherapy with refugee survivors of torture and trauma. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43(8), 820-824.

Noh, S., & Avison, W. R. (1996). Asian immigrants and the stress process: A study of Koreans in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 192-206.

Petta, G., & Walker, I. (1992). Relative deprivation and ethnic identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 285-293.

Phan, T., & Silove, D. (1997). The influence of culture on psychiatric assessment: The Vietnamese refugee. Psychiatric Services, 48(1), 86-90.

Rechtman, R. (1997). Transcultural psychotherapy with Cambodian refugees in Paris. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(3), 359-376.

Reichelt, S., & Sveaass, N. (1994). Developing meaningful conversations with families in exile. Journal of Refugee Studies, 7(1), 39-57.

Rogler, L. H. (1994). International migrations: A framework for directing research. American Psychologist, 49(8), 701-708.

Rousseau, C. (1995). Mental health of refugee children. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 32(3): 299-331.

Rousseau, C., Drapeau, A., & Corin, E. (1997). The influence of culture and context on pre- and post-migratory experience of school age refugees from Central America and Southest Asia in Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 44(8), 1115-1127.

Sack, W. H., Clarke, F., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., & Kinzie, D. (1993). A 6-year follow-up study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 32(2), 431-437.

Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Zane, N. W. S. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 533-540.

Task Force on Mental Health Issues Affecting Immgrants and Refugees in Canada (1988). Review of the literature on migrant mental health. Santé Culture Health, 5(1): 5-92.

Vega, W. A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (1991). Ethnic minorities and mental health. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 351-383.

Westermeyer, J. (1989). Psychiatric Care of Migrants: A Clinical Guide. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Williams, C. L., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist.

11. Culture and Personality

Paris, J. (1997). Social factors in the personality disorders. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(4), 421-452.

Lewis-Fernandez, R., & Kleinman, A. (1994). Culture, personality, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 67-71.

Barnouw, V. (1985). Culture and Personality. (4 ed.). Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press.

Doi, T. (1962). Amae: a key concept for understanding Japanese personality structure. In R. J. Smith & R. K. Beardsley (Eds.), Japanese Culture: Its Development and Characteristics, (pp. 132-139). Chicago: Aldine.

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1982). Culture and personality abnormalities. In I. Al-Issa (Ed.), Culture and Psychopathology, (pp. 277-308). Baltimore: University Park Press.

Miller, S. G. (1996). Borderline personality disorder in cultural context: Commentary on Paris. Psychiatry, 59, 193-195.

Paris, J. (1991). Personality disorders, parasuicide and culture. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 28(1), 25-40.

Paris, J. (1996). Social Factors in Personality Disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shweder, R. A. (1980). Rethinking culture and personality theory. Part III: From genesis and typology to hermeneutics and dynamics. Ethos, 8(1), 60-94.

12. Mental Health of Indigenous Peoples

Kirmayer, L. J. (1994). Suicide among Canadian Aboriginal peoples. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 31(1), 3-58.

Manson, S. M., Shore, J. H., & Bloom, J. D. (1985). The depressive experience in American Indian communities: A challenge for psychiatric theory and diagnosis. In A. M. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and Depression, (pp. 331-368). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Armstrong, H. (1993). Depression in Canadian Native Indians. In P. Cappeliez & R. J. Flynn (Eds.), Depression and the Social Environment, (pp. 218-234). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Beiser, M., Lancee, W., Gotowiec, A., Sack, W., & Redshirt, R. (1993). Measuring self-perceived role competence among First Nations and non native children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38(6), 412-419.

Clayer, J. R., & Czechowicz, A. S. (1991). Suicide by aboriginal people in South Australia: Comparison with suicide deaths in the total urban and rural populations. Medical Journal of Australia, 154, 683-685.

Dick, L. (1995). "Pibloktoq" (Arctic hysteria): A construction of European-Inuit relations? Arctic Anthropology, 32(2), 1-42.

Fleming, C. M. (1996). An American Indian women suffering from depression, alcoholism and childhood trauma. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 20(2), 145-154.

Fletcher, C., & Kirmayer, L. J. (1998). Spirit work: Nunavirmiut experiences of healing and affliction. Etudes/Inuit/Studies.

Frideres, J. S. (1993). Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall.

Kinzie, J. D., Leung, P. K., Boehnlein, J., Matsunaga, D., Johnson, R., Manson, S., Shore, J. H., Heinz, J., & Williams, M. (1992). Psychiatric epidemiology of an Indian village: A 19-year replication study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(1), 33-39.

Kirmayer, L. J., Fletcher, C., & Boothroyd, L. J. (1997). Inuit attitudes toward deviant behavior: A vignette study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(2), 78-86.

Kirmayer, L. J., Fletcher, C., & Boothroyd, L. J. (1998). Suicide among the Inuit. In A. Leenars & R. Bland (Eds.), Suicide in Canada, . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Kirmayer, L. J., Malus, M., & Boothroyd, L. J. (1996). Suicide attempts among Inuit youth: A community survey of prevalence and risk factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 8-17.

Kunitz, S. J. (1994). Disease and Social Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Manson, S. M., Walker, R. D., & Kivlahan, D. R. (1987). Psychiatric assessment and treatment of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38(2), 165-173.

O'Neil, J. D. (1986). Colonial stress in the Canadian Arctic: An ethnography of young adults changing. In C. R. Janes, R. Stall, & S. M. Gifford (Eds.), Anthropology and Epidemiology, (pp. 249-274). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

O'Nell, T. D. (1989). Psychiatric investigations among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A critical review. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(1), 51-87.

O'Nell, T. D. (1996). Disciplined Hearts: History, Identity and Depression in an American Indian Community. Berkeley: University of California.

Petawabano, B., Gourdeau, E., Jourdain, F., Palliser-Tulugak, A., & Cossette, J. (1994). Mental Health and Aboriginal People of Québec. Montréal: Gaëtan Morin Éditeur.

Richardson, B. (1993). People of Terra Nullius: Betrayal and Renewal in Aboriginal Canada. Vancouver: Douglas & MacIntyre.

Ross, R. (1996). Returning to the Teachings: Exploring Aboriginal Justice. Toronto: Penguin Books.

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1993). The Path to Healing. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1995). Choosing Life: Special Report on Suicide Among Aboriginal People. Ottawa.

Thompson, J. W. (1996). A curriculum for learning about American Indians and Alaska Natives in psychiatry residency training. Academic Psychiatry, 20, 5-14.

Turner, E. (1996). The Hands Feel It: Healing and Spirit Presence among a Northern Alaska People. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

Waldram, J. B. (1990). The persistence of traditional medicine in urban areas-The case of Canada's Indians. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 4(1), 9-31.

Waldram, J. B. (1993). Aboriginal spirituality: Symbolic healing in Canadian prisons. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 17(3), 345-362.

Waldram, J. B., Herring, D. A., & Young, T. K. (1995). Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

York, G. (1990). The Dispossessed: Life and Death in Native Canada. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

Young, T. K. (1994). The Health of Native Americans. New York: Oxford University Press.

13. Culture and Healing

Corin, E. (1979). A possession psychotherapy in an urban setting: Zebola in Kinshasa. Social Science and Medicine, 13B, 327-338.

Dow, J. (1986). Universal aspects of symbolic healing: A theoretical synthesis. American Anthropologist, 88, 56-69.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1989). Psychotherapy and the cultural concept of the person. Santé, Culture, Health, 6(3), 241-270.

Connor, L., Asch, P., & Asch, T. (1986). Jero Tapakan: Balinese Healer-An Ethnographic Film Monograph. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Csordas, T. J. (1994). The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Desjarlais, R. R. (1992). Body and Emotion: The Esthetics of Illness and Healing in the Nepal Himalayas. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Frank, J.D. & Frank, J.B. (1991). Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ingoldsby, B.B. & Smith, S. (eds.) (1995). Families in Multicultural Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.

Janzen, J. M. (1978). The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire. Berkeley: University of California.

Katz, R. (1982). Boiling Energy: Community Healing Among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1993). Healing and the invention of metaphor: The effectiveness of symbols revisited. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 17(2), 161-195.

Laderman, C., & Roseman, M. (Eds.). (1996). The Performance of Healing. New York: Routledge.

Leslie, C. (Ed.). (1976). Asian Medical Systems. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Roland, A. (1988). In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology. Princeton University Press.

Strathern, A. (1995). Trance and the theory of healing: Sociogenic and psychogenic components of consciousness. In A. P. Cohen & N. Rapport (Eds.), Questions of Consciousness, (Vol. 33, pp. 117-133). London: Routledge.

14. Clinical Strategies in Cultural Psychiatry

Canino, I.A. & Spurlock, J. (1994). Culturally Diverse Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Castillo, R. J. (1996). Culture and Mental Illness: A Client-Centered Approach. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.

Chin, J. L., De La Cancela, V., & Jenkins, Y. M. (1993). Diversity in Psychotherapy: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Westport, CN: Praeger.

Comas-Diaz, L. & Greene, B. (eds.) (1994). Women of Color: Integrating Ethnic and Gender Identities in Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.

Comas-Diaz, L. & Griffith, E. (eds.) (1988). Clinical Guidelines in Cross-Cultural Mental Health. New York: John Wiley.

Corin, E. (1997). Playing with limits: Tobie Nathan's evolving paradigm in ethnopsychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(3), 345-358.

Di Nicola, V. (1997). A Stranger in the Family: Culture, Families, and Therapy. New York: Norton.

Fernando, S. (Ed.). (1995). Mental Health in a Multi-ethnic Society: A Multidisciplinary Handbook. New York: Routledge.

Gaw, A. C. (Ed.). (1993). Culture, Ethnicity and Mental Illness. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Ho, M.K. (1987). Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kareem, J., & Littlewood, R. (Eds.). (1992). Intercultural Therapy: Themes, Interpretations and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Kazarian, S. S., & Evans, D. R. (Eds.). (1998). Cultural Clinical Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kinzie, D., & Boehnlein, A. K. (1993). Psychotherapy of the victims of massive violence: Countertransference and ethical issues. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 47(1), 90-103.

Lin, K-M., Poland, R.E., Nakasaki, G. (eds.) (1993). Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

McGoldrick, M., Pearce, J. & Giordano, J. (1982). Ethnicity and Family Therapy. New York: Guilford Press.

Paniagua, F.A. (1994). Assessing and treating Culturally Diverse Clients: A Practical Guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Pinderhughes, E. (1988). Understanding Race, Ethnicity and Power. New York: Free Press.

Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (Eds.). (1995). Handbook of Multicultural Counselling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Streit, U. (1997). Nathan's ethnopsychoanalytic therapy: Characteristics, discoveries and challenges to Western psychotherapy. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(3), 321-343.

Tseng, W.-S., & Streltzer, J. (1997). Culture and Psychopathology: A Guide to Clinical Assessment. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Vargas, L. A., & Koss-Chioino, J. D. (Eds.). (1992). Working with Culture: Psychotherapeutic Interventions with Ethnic Minority Children and Adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Waxler-Morrison, N., Anderson, J. & Richardson, E. (1990). Cross-Cultural Caring: A Handbook for Health Professionals in Western Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.

Young, G. (1997). Adult Development, therapy, and culture: A Postmodern Synthesis. New York: Plenum Press.

15. The Future of Cultural Psychiatry

Augé, M. (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London: Verso.

Bibeau, G. (1997). Cultural psychiatry in a creolizing world: Questions for a new research agenda. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(1): 9-41.

Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Carrithers, M. (1992). Why Humans have Cultures: Explaining Anthropology and Social Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Durham, W.H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, Culture and Human Diversity, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Eriksen, T.H. (1993). Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.

Friedman, J. (1994). Cultural Identity and Global Process, London: Sage Publications.

Gellner, E. (1988). Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gellner, E. (1992). Postmodernism, Reason and Religion. London: Routledge.

Hannerz, U. (1992). Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press.

Iijima Hall, C. C. (1997). Cultural malpractice: The growing obsolescence of psychology. American Psychologist, 52(6), 642-651.

Kleinman, A. (1995). Writing at the Margin: Discourse Between Anthropology and Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kleinman, A., Das, V., & Lock, M. (Eds.). (1997). Social Suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Münch, R. & Smelser, R. (ed.) (1992). Theory of Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Shore, B. (1996). Culture in Mind: Cognition, Culture, and the Problem of Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Todorov, T. (1993). On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Turner, B.S. (Ed.) (1990). Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.