Substantial progress has been made on my book-length study concerning "The ‘Ulama' and Sufis' Socio-political Role in Northern India and Pakistan: Continuity and Change (Eighteenth Century to Present)” In this study, I analyze the Muslim religious elite’s varied responses during a period of transition and change, the eighteenth century, colonial and post-independence periods in Northern India (Awadh, Delhi, Punjab and Sind regions). My emphasis is on their leadership role in religious, social and political spheres. By placing their writings in their social and political contexts, the rationale for their writings and intended readership are identified. A section is devoted to the students and disciples of the ‘ulama and Sufis, the extent of their networking, their influence beyond their respective regions, and interaction between madrasa and khanqah as institutions.