2010-2011
The Major Concentration Scriptures and Interpretations is designed for students interested in understanding scriptural literatures and their place in developing religious traditions. While students will be able to concentrate in the area of their choice (Jewish, Christian, or Hindu and Buddhist Scriptures and Interpretations), they will study scriptures of at least two religious traditions, either in English translation or, if their skills permit, in the original languages.
Religious Studies : Jewish, Christian and Muslim scriptures as responses to earlier sacred texts and in the light of post-scriptural interpretations. The debates, polemics, interpretative strategies, and intellectual and spiritual sharing produced by these three religions in accepting, explaining, amplifying, modifying, and selectively rejecting their and other sacred scriptures.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: B Barry Levy (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies : The history of the academic study of religion from its beginnings in the 19th century until the present. Key texts by figures such as Max Muller, Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Mircea Eliade, Claude Levi-Strauss and Clifford Geertz will be studied.
Terms: Fall 2010, Winter 2011
Instructors: Jim Kanaris (Fall) Jim Kanaris (Winter)
Fall and Winter
Restriction: For Religious Studies Majors and Honours students or with permission of the Chair of the Religious Studies B.A. Committee
30 credits with a minimum of 18 credits selected from one area of specialization and a minimum of 6 credits from a second area.
Areas of Specialization:
(a) Jewish Scriptures and the History of Their Interpretation
(b) Christian Scriptures and the History of Their Interpretation
(c) Hindu and Buddhist Scriptures and the Histories of Their Interpretations
No more than 12 credits may be taken at the 200-level.
Jewish Studies : Issues in the development of Biblical interpretation based on classical Jewish thought, heretical Jewish doctrines and contemporary Biblical criticism.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: B Barry Levy (Fall)
Jewish Studies : Texts from the millennium before the rise of Islam will be studied for the light they shed on Jewish interpretation of Hebrew scripture. Selections deal with narrative and legal portions of the Bible and include pagan, Christian and Jewish sources: excerpts from the Bible and Philo, Josephus, Pseudo-Philo, Jubilees, Enoch, Eusebius, Dead Sea Scrolls (including The Temple Scroll), Ephraem Syrus, Origen, Jerome, The Septuagint, Targumim, Talmud and Midrash.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Jewish Studies : One book of the Bible will be studied in its entirety in Hebrew. Emphasis on the contributions of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (archaeology, comparative literature and Semitic linguistics) to understanding the text.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Fall
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew
Jewish Studies : One book of the Bible will be studied in its entirety in Hebrew. Emphasis on the contributions of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (archaeology, comparative literature and Semitic linguistics) to understanding the text.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Winter
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew
Jewish Studies : One book of the Bible will be studied in its entirety in Hebrew. Emphasis on the contributions of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (archaeology, comparative literature and Semitic linguistics) to understanding the text.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Fall
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew
Jewish Studies : One book of the Bible will be studied in its entirety in Hebrew. Emphasis on the contributions of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (archaeology, comparative literature and Semitic linguistics) to understanding the text.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Winter
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew
Jewish Studies : An introduction to Jewish interpretation of the Bible in the Middle Ages. Readings from the Hebrew Bible and the commentaries of Rashi, Rashbam, the Tosafists, etc.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew
Jewish Studies : Readings from the Hebrew Bible and the commentaries of Ibn Ezra, Nachmanides, Abravanel, etc.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew. Recommended: JWST 331
Jewish Studies : The issues, approaches, and texts of Jewish Bible interpretation between the Biblical and Talmudic eras: Bible interpretation in the Bible; in Greco-Roman Jewish literature; in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Targumim, and Talmudim; early Samaritan interpretation, Bible interpretation in ancient synagogue art, and in the massoretic literature.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: B Barry Levy (Fall)
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken JWST 512
Jewish Studies : The issues, problems, approaches, and texts of Jewish Bible interpretation in medieval, renaissance, early modern, and modern times. Interpretation in the Geonic, Ashkenazi, Sefardic, North African, Italian, European, Yemenite, North American and Israeli centres of Jewish Learning.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken JWST 512
Religious Studies : Introduction to the religions of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Syria-Palestine (excluding Israelite religion) from the fourth to first millennium B.C.E. Themes that will be discussed include: gods and goddesses, divine kingship, deification of kings, temple cult, death and afterlife, magic, piety, oracles, prayer, lament, myth and epic.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Éric Bellavance (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : An examination of the religion of Ancient Israel by a study of selected texts (narratives, laws, prophetic sayings, wisdom traditions, and psalms) from the Hebrew Scriptures/Old Testament in translation.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Gerbern Oegema (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies : To provide students of the humanities with knowledge of the Bible as a tool for interpreting religious references in Western literature, art and music. Biblical stories (e.g. Creation, Exodus), key figures (e.g. David, Job, Mary), and common motifs (e.g. Holy City, Pilgrimage, Bride) are explored, then illustrated by later cultural forms.
Terms: Fall 2010, Winter 2011
Instructors: Drew Billings (Fall) Drew Billings (Winter)
Fall, Winter and Summer
Religious Studies : A survey of Jewish history and thought from Ezra to the Mishnah; religious developments and groups, e.g., apocalypticism, Hellenistic Judaism, Essenes, Pharisees, Early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism; and Biblical Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Paul, Mishnah and Midrashim.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Gerbern Oegema (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : An introduction to the literature of Ancient Israel in English translation. Reading and interpreting representative selections.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Patricia Kirkpatrick (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : Approaches to historical-critical scholarship and to the historical background of the Old Testament. Part of the course will be an examination of methods of biblical analysis through the use of learning cells.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Gerbern Oegema (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies : The beliefs, practices and religious institutions of the Jews from ancient times to the present.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Canonical changes, literary alterations, translation techniques, hermeneutical strategies, variant readings, and textual histories of the books of the Hebrew Bible as evidenced in the ancient versions, primarily the Septuagint. (No knowledge of Greek or Hebrew is required.)
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : An introduction to the grammar and syntax of Biblical Hebrew. Emphasis is placed on both the oral and the written language.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Carla Sulzbach (Fall)
Students must register for both RELG 390D1 and RELG 390D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 390D1 and RELG 390D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : See RELG 390D1 for course description.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Carla Sulzbach (Winter)
Prerequisite: RELG 390D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 390D1 and RELG 390D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : A study of significant texts selected from the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Translation and exegesis of selected texts.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Translation and exegesis of selected texts.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Winter
Religious Studies : The religion and literature of wisdom and apocalyptic traditions, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo and Josephus, with special attention to the Jewish matrix of Early Christianity.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Gerbern Oegema (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.
Religious Studies : To provide students of the humanities with knowledge of the Bible as a tool for interpreting religious references in Western literature, art and music. Biblical stories (e.g. Creation, Exodus), key figures (e.g. David, Job, Mary), and common motifs (e.g. Holy City, Pilgrimage, Bride) are explored, then illustrated by later cultural forms.
Terms: Fall 2010, Winter 2011
Instructors: Drew Billings (Fall) Drew Billings (Winter)
Fall, Winter and Summer
Religious Studies : A critical study of selected ancient and modern accounts of the aims and person of Jesus. Attention will be given also to the question of the historical sources and to the relationship between faith and history.
Terms: Winter 2011, Summer 2011
Instructors: Fabian Udoh (Winter)
Fall, Winter and Summer
Religious Studies : An introduction to the grammar and syntax of New Testament Greek.
Terms: Summer 2011, Fall 2010, Winter 2011
Instructors: Sean Ross (Summer) Ian H Henderson, Sean Ross (Fall) Ian H Henderson, Sean Ross (Winter)
Summer
Open to students in the Honours and Major programs in Religious Studies. Other Arts and Science students may take the course as an elective outside their faculty, in accordance with Arts and Science regulations
Religious Studies : An introduction to the literature of Ancient Israel in English translation. Reading and interpreting representative selections.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Patricia Kirkpatrick (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : Approaches to historical-critical scholarship and to the historical background of the Old Testament. Part of the course will be an examination of methods of biblical analysis through the use of learning cells.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Gerbern Oegema (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies : Canonical changes, literary alterations, translation techniques, hermeneutical strategies, variant readings, and textual histories of the books of the Hebrew Bible as evidenced in the ancient versions, primarily the Septuagint. (No knowledge of Greek or Hebrew is required.)
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : An introduction to the interpretation of the New Testament.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Fabian Udoh (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : An introduction to the critical study of the Gospels.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Ian H Henderson (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Fabian Udoh (Fall)
Fall and Summer
Religious Studies : Topics of current interest in or between world religions.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Summer
Religious Studies : A review of grammar and syntax with an emphasis on rapid reading of sections chosen from different parts of the New Testament.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Fabian Udoh (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 280 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of 70%
Religious Studies
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Fall
Religious Studies : A study of significant texts selected from the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Translation and discussion of Hellenistic Greek texts pertaining to the study of topics in Early Christianity and Greco-Roman religions.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Ellen Aitken (Winter)
Prerequisite: RELG 482 or permission of the instructor.
Religious Studies : The interaction of Hinduism and Buddhism in India with special reference to the law of Karma, caste, women, ritual, death, yoga, and liberation. Determination of interpretative principles for understanding the religious psychology of Hindus and Buddhists.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein, Shital Sharma (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : Harmony with nature, society, and cosmos to be explored through the religions of the Far East (Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Shinto).
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: G Hori (Winter)
Winter
Religious Studies : An introduction to the historical and religious context in which the Sikh religion developed, its principal doctrines, practices and institutions and its evolution from its origins to the present, both inside and outside India.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Manjit Singh (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : To develop basic language and reading skills.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Erin McCann (Fall)
Students must register for both RELG 257D1 and RELG 257D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 257D1 and RELG 257D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : See RELG 257D1 for course description.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Erin McCann (Winter)
Prerequisite: RELG 257D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 257D1 and RELG 257D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : An introduction to the language of Classical Tibetan, specifically Tibetan script and basic grammar.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Philippe Turenne (Fall)
Fall
Religious Studies : A continuation of the introduction to the language of Classical Tibetan, specifically Tibetan script and basic grammar.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Philippe Turenne (Winter)
Winter
Prerequisite: RELG 264
Religious Studies : An introduction to the basic grammar and syntax of Tamil, a classical and modern language from South India. Students will acquire basic skills in reading, writing and speaking Tamil.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Advanced basic grammar and syntax of Tamil, a classical and modern language from South India. Students will acquire basic skills in reading, writing and speaking Tamil.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 266
Religious Studies : A focused examination of major themes within a branch of Theravada, Mahayana or Vajrayana Buddhism. Emphasis will be placed on both the close study of primary texts (in translation) in historical context and the application of recent methods to fundamental Buddhist concepts, ritual practices and community institutions.
Terms: Summer 2011
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : The evolution of doctrines, practices and institutions explored through critical survey of Pali Canon (in translation), focusing on the dialogues of Gotama Buddha and his community during its first five centuries and on the historical accounts contained in the codes of monastic discipline.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 252 or permission of instructor
Religious Studies : The study of classical Hindu values in historical context with reference to the goals and stages of life, traditional Hindu laws, ethics (including biomedical ethics), axiology and moral dilemmas in the Epics, gender differences, notions of orthodoxy, and the expansion of Hinduism.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 252 or permission of the instructor
Religious Studies : Foundation of theism in the Upanisads, Epics, Gita and puranas; image worship and temple religion in the Agamas; Vaisnavism, Saivism, Saktism, and competition with Buddhism and Jainism; the relation of Bhakti and Tantra; interaction of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Katherine K Young, Erin McCann, Tomasz Pokinko (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 252 or permission of the instructor
Religious Studies : A study of early Shinto mythology, Shinto-Buddhist syncretism, Neo-Confucianism and its influence upon the resurgence of Shinto during the Tokugawa period, folk religion and the New Religions.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: G Hori (Winter)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 253 or permission of instructor
Religious Studies : This course studies the Confucian classics, philosophical and religious Taoism, and Neo-Confucianism and also examines the syncresis between the Chinese religions and Indian Buddhism.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Advanced grammar and vocabulary with readings in epic and similar texts.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: R Saraswati Sainath (Fall)
Prerequisite: RELG 257 or permission of the instructor
Students must register for both RELG 357D1 and RELG 357D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 357D1 and RELG 357D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : See RELG 357D1 for course description.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: R Saraswati Sainath (Winter)
Prerequisite: RELG 357D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 357D1 and RELG 357D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : Advanced Tibetan grammar, and translation of selected Tibetan texts.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Philippe Turenne (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 265 or permission of the instructor.
Religious Studies : Continuation of advanced Tibetan grammar and translation of selected Tibetan texts.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Philippe Turenne (Winter)
Winter
Prerequisite: RELG 364 or permission of the instructor.
Religious Studies : Buddhism has been central to Tibetan culture and identity since the 7th century CE. This course introduces key aspects of the history and practices of Tibetan Buddhism, including: early history, political and sectarian developments, the spread of Tibetan Buddhism outside of Tibet, and the myth of "Shangri-La".
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein (Winter)
Religious Studies : The concept of Buddha Countries and Pure Lands in Buddhism, the Western Pure Land of Amida (Jodokyo) and its basic scriptures, the Chinese Buddhist schools, the introduction to Japan and the foundation of the Pure Land school by Honen, the Pure Land School of Shinran and its development, and the other Pure Land related schools.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : The development of esoteric Buddhism in India and Tibet; its Chinese formation and introduction to Japan; Kukai, Shingonshu and Tendai esotericism; the Tachikawa traditions of sexual esotericism; Mandal, iconography and liturgy.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : Through the reading of such key Zen writings as The Platform Sutra and selections from Zen Masters Chinul of Korea and Dôgen of Japan, an attempt will be made to relate Zen anecdote to meditational practice.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Religious Studies : A study of the history, philosophy and practices of Vajrayana Buddhism.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 344.
Religious Studies : A study of the developments in religious thought with special reference to such thinkers as Ram Mohan Roy, Dayananda Saraswati, Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, Gandhi, Tilak, Aurobindo, and Radhakrishnan.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Shital Sharma (Winter)
Winter
Prerequisite: RELG 252
Religious Studies : Critical reading of selected Sanskrit texts.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 357 or permission of instructor
Students must register for both RELG 457D1 and RELG 457D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 457D1 and RELG 457D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : See RELG 457D1 for course description.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 457D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both RELG 457D1 and RELG 457D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Religious Studies : Translation of specially selected Tibetan texts.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisite: RELG 365 or permission of instructor.
Religious Studies : Continuation of translation of specially selected Tibetan texts.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein (Winter)
Winter
Prerequisite: RELG 464 or permission of the instructor.
Religious Studies : Focus on the Rama story in South Asia. Exploration of the multiple versions of the narrative from classical Sanskrit textual versions, to rural vernacular retellings, to contemporary TV versions, and examination of the various religious, social, cultural and political significations of the narrative in these contexts.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Winter
Prerequisite: RELG 252 Hinduism & Buddhism
Religious Studies : Introduction to the orthodox systems of Hindu Philosophy leading up to Vedanta i.e., Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga and Mimamsa, which will include discussion of such topics as: grounds for belief and disbelief in God, the nature of revelation, means of knowledge, etc.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisites: 6 credits in Indian religions, philosophy of religion, philosophy, or permission of the instructor
Religious Studies : The rise of buddhist schools of philosophy, especially the Theravada and Sauntrantika, as an attempt to systematize the canonical teachings and defend Buddhism against its critics.
Terms: Winter 2011
Instructors: Lara E Braitstein (Winter)
Religious Studies : The relation of Nyaya-Vaisesika and Mimamsa to Kevaladvaita with concentration on Sankara's Brahmasutrabhasya, Pada 1 and 2.
Terms: Fall 2010
Instructors: Arvind Sharma (Fall)
Fall
Prerequisites: 6 credits in Indian religions
Religious Studies : Topics include: definitions of Tamil identity, the relation of akam to bhakti poetry, the theology of the Alvars and Nayanmars, inter-religious and sectarian competition, the motif of pilgrimage, questions of caste and women.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: 6 credits in Indian religions
Religious Studies : Analysis of the following: sampradaya; ubhayavedanta; comparison of Visistadvaita and Saiva Siddhanta with reference to selected themes that illustrate the Tamil contribution; the relationship of theology to the sociology of knowledge in Tamilnad.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Prerequisite: RELG 553
Religious Studies : Since the time of Buddha, poetry has been used by Buddhist to express devotion, to compose philosophical treatises, and to communicate insight into the experience of awakening. The seminar's content will vary, treating the history, poetics, esthetics, roles and genres of Buddhist poetry in India, Tibet, China and Japan.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2010-2011 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2010-2011 academic year.