The case study: Footnote (15)
4.1 Hong-de Li (Shi-ku-men Lilong)
Hong-de Li occupies the northeast corner of a busy block in northwest Huang-pu
District, close to the Bond (Fig. 4.1a). The two intersecting streets - Xia-men Road and Zhe-jiang Road, are renowned for their many small-scale streetshops that sell metal fittings and
a variety of electronics products. Buildings in surrounding area are mostly 2 - 3 storied old
structures. The traffic on Zhe-jiang Road is heavy since this location is only four blocks away
from the Nanjing Road - the major commercial street of Shanghai.
Fig41a: Urban Location of Hong-de Li (currently unavailable).
Hong-de Li, 0.43 hectare in total and built in two-storied brick-wood structure, is
accessible from three entrances: one on Xia-man Road, and two smaller ones on Zhe-jiang
Road (Fig. 4.1b). However, when viewing from outside, one can hardly realize the residential
character inside (Fig. 4.1c).
Fig41b: Site Planm of Hong-de Li (currently unavailable).
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Two street frontages were fully occupied by small shops, located on the ground floor,
with residences above. All shops are backed up by small internal lanes. The total units(16) built
on site are fifty-seven. Inside the lot, the central two rows of houses are two-jian units, each
having a small front courtyard. The perimeter houses in the western and southern two rows
were three-jian units, each having a large central courtyard. All houses have south
orientation. The main lane, in an L-shape, is 2.8m wide. The side lanes are 1.5m wide.
As Old Shi-ku-men lilong, houses in Hong-de Li have no toilet facilities, nor are there
any public wash-rooms on site. Nowadays, there is a septic tank located near one entrance.
Every family uses a nightstool. People can empty the nightstools in the septic tank by
themselves, or they can, after paying some money to the municipality, leave the nightstools
in front of their house every morning, the city has special service to empty the night stools.
When walking into the internal lanes, one immediately feels the calm. The inside
residential area are very quiet, much different from the busy atmosphere of outer commercial
space. This is because the street shops on the perimeter of the site block away the traffic and
commercial noise from internal residential area.
In order to acquire further information, the author selected one unit (marked as A in
site plan) for investigation (Fig. 4.1d). This is a large courtyard house. The original space
designed for just one large extended family was subdivided several times, and now there are
13 families living here. Each family ranges from 1-5 members. Within the courtyard, there
are lots of housewares, especially plastic bathtubs, packed in the corners. There are several
water taps, each having different meter-readings, located beside the entrance. Each water tap
is used by one family exclusively.
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The front half part of the former reception-room(17)
was converted into a kitchen, used
by thirteen families who now occupy the rooms around the front courtyard. Every family has
a gas stove(18) in the kitchen but no storage space. Refrigerators are placed in the bedrooms.
When looking around the courtyard, the author discover some traces of carved beams
and painted rafters. The sculpture on the lattice window, though dusty, remains delicate. The
original space, though subdivided, was essentially grand. These details remind the author that
the building was a richly ornamented house in its original shape. It still reflects a good
construction standard from the time when it was built.
The residents were happy to be interviewed. When asked about: "What do you think
about Shi-ku-men lilongs?" "Do you like to live here? and Why" They generally expressed
that Shi-ku-men lilongs are very special to Shanghaineses. They all like to live here for
several reasons. One is that they like Shi-ku-men's atmosphere, and have established a
harmonious relationship with neighbors. Living here for long, meeting each others days and
nights, every family gets to know and understand each other very well. When there arises a
domestic or neighborly dispute, other neighbors will come forward to mediate between the
two parties. Hence for long, residents have generally lived peacefully. The second reason is
that both the family and the social lives are very convenient here. There are assorted shops
nearby, ranging from fast-foods stands to formal restaurants, from grocery stores to electronic
shops, thus residents can all consume or purchase locally. Also the well-known commercial
street - the Nanjing Road is only 7 to 8 minutes walking distance away. Residents, especially
young people, feel it is a good place for socialization. Finally, the residents added that it is
faster and easier to get to their work place from here.
Regarding the last reason, the author wants to further illustrate. A large portion of
Shi-ku-men residents form the service profession of Shanghai and find employment in
downtown agencies.(19) Due to the huge population and open policy for migration, Shanghai's
public bus lines are getting more and more overloaded. The city has heavy traffic in rush
hours every day. Using only bicycles, the residents in Shi-ku-men lilongs can commute in
short time within downtown area (faster than taking a bus). If they lived in the outskirts and
commuted to the city by bus, it would take them one to two hours to get to their work place.
When asked about if the residents would like to move out to a new development area,
like Pu-dong(20) or other area outside downtown to have a standard apartment suite, the
residents generally express their reluctance. They said that if they lived in an apartment like
that, they would feel "lost" or "isolated". The pleasant living atmosphere they had long
cherished in the Shi-ku-men lilongs would be missing. They hope the current condition could
be improved, but if not, they are satisfied to stay here.
When asked about what they want most to be improved? The answer was unanimous:
"Sanitary conditions". The residents hope if not enough for every family, then at least for
several families in one court-yard, to have a common washroom where summer showering
may also be possible. Currently every family has a plastic bath-tub (what the author had seen
in the courtyard). In summer, adults take their bath at home while children can take bath in
the courtyard or in the lanes (Fig. 4.1e). In winter, they all use a local public bathhouse.
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After improving sanitary conditions, they hope the living area can be increased by
relocating part of the residents, like 30% of the Hong-de Li population. The current living
area per person is 4 ~ 5m/person. Each family generally has two rooms.(21) The original jian
has been partitioned on its every structural post.(22)
For some families, their rooms are even
not linked together.
Stepping out of this courtyard, the author felt that the living condition here was very
crowded, however there are something very special qualities that has attracted its residents,
of different generation, to stay. As the author observed just in twenty minutes, the central
courtyard is very busy and efficiently used, not only for housework, but also for socializing.
For the residents, it is an enjoyable thing if they can relax and chat in the courtyard or lanes
after work with neighbors with whom they are so tightly attached to. Even in weekends,
neighbors can have conversation while doing housework. This is something you may find
missing in contemporary apartment buildings. No matter where you walk in the Shi-ku-men
lilongs, you can always find residents looking at you through their windows from inside the
house, some would even walked out to ask: "Who are you looking for?" or "What are you
here for?" This phenomena reflects that the residents here have a strong sense of community
and responsibility.
Before walking out of Hong-de Li, the author took the last glance at the small lanes
and the rhythmical doors, and saw a young man sitting in a chair and reading a book in the
shadows in the main lane. For him, the hot weather and city noise seemed gone away. This
piece of quiet space had allowed him to get lost in his own world. Turning back, the author
started to ponder over the charm of Shi-ku-men Lilongs.
DIAGRAM I:
| HONG-DE LI |
| Type of Lilongs: Old Shi-ku-men Lilong. Built: 1907 |
| Land Coverage: 0.43 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
5,762 m2 |
Building |
67.0% |
| Built Unit Density |
132.56 du/ha |
Circulation |
12.5% |
| Built Area Density |
13,400 m2/ha |
Communal Green Area |
0 |
| Open Space Density(23) |
201 m2/103m2 |
Defined Semi-public
Space(24) |
8.9% |
|
|
Private Open Space |
18.0% |
| # of Story |
2 |
# of Main Lanes |
3 |
| Bd. Distance & Ratio |
2.58m (0.5H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
2.8 m |
| # of Units |
57 |
# of Side-lanes |
2 |
| Units Prototypes |
2-jian & 3-jian |
Width of Side-lanes |
1.5 m |
| Type of Green Spaces |
planters in court-yards |
| Usable Open Spaces |
private court-yards & side lanes |
| Units of Garage |
none |
Number of Entrances |
3 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes |
| Commercial Units |
37 |
Two-jian Units |
12 |
| Residential Units |
20 |
Three-jian Units |
8 |
| Commercial Ratio |
37/57=64.7% |
Two-jian Ratio |
12/57=21.1% |
| Residential Ratio |
20/57=35.1% |
Three-jian Ratio |
8/57=14.0% |
4.2 Zhun-de li (Shi-ku-men Lilong)
Zhun-de Li, 1.56 ha in area, is located at the northwest corner of Xia-men road and
Zhe-jiang Road, just opposite of the Hong-de Li (Fig. 4.2a). Its urban surroundings are the
same as that of Hong-de Li. The site is a square-shaped one. The main lane, 4.5m wide,
extends northward from the south entrance, and splits the site into two. Side lanes, 3.3m
wide, are all dead-ended and orthogonally connected to the main lane (Fig. 4.2b).
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There are ninety-seven units in total built on site. Among them, forty-seven are
single-jian units, thirty-one are two-jian units, and nineteen are three-jian units. Most of the
single-jian units were built along the two commercial streets, which have shops on the ground
floor and residences above. These streetfront units forms a continuous wall that blocks most
of the traffic noise on the busy Zhe-jiang Road.
Built in 1930, Zhun-de Li is a good standard Shi-ku-men lilong. Compared to other
Shi-ku-men lilongs, its unit sizes are larger; its main lane and side-lanes are wider. Every unit
has a courtyard in the front and a light-well in the middle. Its daylighting and ventilation
conditions are better. The building exterior, though have been renovated several times after
the Liberation, retains traditional style and decoration. Looking from the lanes, one can only
see 5m exterior wall with entry gate linking to gabled-walls on two sides. The structure is in
good shape.
This lilong has a quite civilized social order. An overall control is initiated from the
entrance, where a resident's committee office can check on visitors. A number of food-stands
selling little eating, and a couple of key-chain and shoe-repairing counters(25) are also scattered
around the entrance, facilitating secure surveillance of the lilong. At this access point,
strangers can't stalk in without being noticed by any one of the above group of people.
Hence the entrance provide a strict security control for the whole community
(Fig. 4.2c).
Fig. 4.2c: Activity at the Entrance (currently unavailable)
Once inside the entrance, the internal environment seems to be in order and harmony.
The site layout deploys a hierarchy of spaces from the most public to semi-public and then to
semi-private, and so allows a wide range of outdoor activities taking place safely in the yards
and lanes. Benches are set along the main lane with lushly planted vines. Elderly could sit
on the benches to enjoy the cool shade in summer, while watching children play (Fig. 4.2d).
Children seemed to be more energetic and run everywhere. In the middle passage of the main
lane, a newspaper bulletin is placed where recent social and economic news are available for
residents to read. A chess-room and a library are housed nearby, offering more types of
entertainment activities. A couple of barber and tailoring shops are opened as home business
to facilitate daily living.
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There are almost no vehicles passing by, except one or two of them are found parked
in the main lane. Residents generally use bicycles to go to work, and stack their bicycles in
front of their house in the side-lanes. At the time of investigation - 11:00am, working adults
can be rarely seen in the lilong. Only children and elderly were left home to enjoy their way
of life. Zhun-de Li, by its self-administrative and social-control system, provides a
comfortable and safe environment for its residents and their families.
DIAGRAM I:
| ZHUN-DE LI |
| Type of Lilongs: New Shi-ku-men Lilong. Built: 1930 |
| Land Coverage: 1.56 ha. |
|
| Total Built Area |
21,185 m2 |
Building Coverage |
67.9 % |
| Built Unit Density |
61.54 du/ha |
Circulation |
18.8% |
| Built Area Density |
13,580 m2/ha |
Private |
9.8% |
| Open Space Density |
147m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
10.2% |
|
|
Communal Greenery |
0.8% |
|
|
Others |
2.7% |
| Number of Story |
2 |
Number of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Dist. & Ration |
|
Width of Main Lanes |
4.5m |
| Number of Units |
96 |
Number of Side-lanes |
12 |
| Units Prototypes |
1, 2, 3-jians |
Width of Side-lanes |
3.3m |
| Type of Green Spaces |
belt-shaped greenery space in public area |
| Usable Open Spaces |
sub-lanes & main lanes |
| Units of Garage |
none |
# of Entrances |
2 |
TABLE II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes |
| Commercial Units |
46 |
Two-jian Units |
31 |
| Residential Units |
50 |
Three-jian Units |
19 |
| Commercial Ratio |
46/96=47.9% |
Two-jian Ratio |
31/50=62% |
| Residential Ratio |
50/96=52.1% |
Three-jian Ratio |
19/50=38% |
4.3. Tong-fu Li (Shi-ku-men Lilong)
The 0.78 ha Tong-fu Li, occupies a narrow-long site in the western part of Huang-pu
District (Fig. 4.3a). The site has one major road - Nanjing Road bordered on the south, and
a smaller road - Feng-yang Road on the north and west (Fig. 4.3b). Buildings along Nanjing
Road are mostly medium-rise (4 - 6 storied) commercial buildings. Building inside the urban
blocks are mainly low-rise housing. There is a theater on the east side of Tong-fu Li, and a
major downtown park - People's Park - across the street.
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Its two entrances are set respectively on the south and north edge of the site. Its main
lane, 5m wide, runs from south to north, and splits the site into two. All side lanes, 3m wide,
are orthogonally connected to the main lane. Among the total forty-six units, seventeen of
them are commercial one-jian units, built on the southern and northern perimeter of the site.
The internal units are two-jian and three-jian wide. Since all the housing units are enclosed
with a high exterior wall, one can only see from the lanes is the rhythmical gable walls echoing
along the main lane and exterior entry doors repeating in side lanes. However by counting
the number of entry doors between every two gabled walls, one can figure out what kind of
house model was used for this particular house inside. When there is one entry door between
two gabled walls, the house inside is a three-jian unit. When there are two entry doors
between two gabled walls, then there are two houses inside, each of them is a two-jian unit
with their courtyards attached together. The more jians a unit has, the more prestige and
wealthier the owner was (Fig. 4.3c).
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In Tong-fu Li, there are twenty two-jian units, and nine three-jian units. However,
none of them have retained their original complete one-unit space. Investigation in a three-jian house showed that the original space for a large extended family was subdivided among
thirteen small families. Even so, Tong-fu Li is a good standard lilong. It is one of the best
Shi-ku-men lilongs in Shanghai, hence is well preserved by the municipality. Except some
vendors around the entrance, there are some home business such as a barber shop, tailoring,
and copy service integrated into houses. Residents interviewed by the author all feel happy
to live here. The lanes are wide and neat. The daylighting and ventilation conditions are
superior to other Shi-ku-men lilongs. Building structure is in good shape. Walls are painted
red, setting-off the dark old stone doors. Vines and hedges are lushly planted in the lanes, on
the windows, above the balconies and on roof terraces. Residents, living in a good-standard
neighborhood, seem to have more happier mood and aesthetic sense to personalize their
private space.
DIAGRAM I:
| TONG-FU LI |
| Type of Lilongs: Old Shi-ku-men Lilong. Built: |
| Land Coverage: 0.78 ha. |
|
| Total Built Area |
9,561 m2 |
Building Coverage |
61.2 % |
| Built Unit Density |
58.97 du/ha |
Circulation |
25% |
| Built Area Density |
12,258 m2/ha |
Private |
13.8% |
| Open Space Density |
233m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
14.8% |
|
|
Communal Greenery |
0 |
| Number of Story |
2 |
Number of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Dist. $ Ratio |
2m (0.48H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
5m |
| Number of Units |
46 |
Number of Side-lanes |
15 |
| Units Prototypes |
1, 2, 3-jian |
Width of Side-lanes |
3m |
| Type of Green Spaces |
private court-yards |
| Usable Open Spaces |
court-yards, main lanes and sub-lanes |
| Units of Garage |
none |
# of Entrances |
2 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes |
| Commercial Units |
17 |
One-and-half-jian Units |
20 |
| Residential Units |
29 |
Two-jian Units |
9 |
4.4. Chang-le Village (New-type Lilong)
Chang-le (meaning: happy forever) Village, 1.91 ha,
is located at 39 - 45 south Shan-xi Road in the center of Jing-an
District, one block south of Nanjing Road (Fig. 4.4a).
Though not in a busy block, the neighborhood has all the life conveniences a city can offer.
The surrounding streets are full of assorted small-scale shops, restaurants, fashions stores and
grocery, while more active and busy street life can be searched in Nanjing Road, which is only
five minutes walk distance away.
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The site is a rectangular-shaped, two hectares of land, having 129 built units
(Fig.4.4b). The main lane is absent from the site, leaving seven side lanes all directly accessible
from the street. There are five entrances in total on the west end of the site, each entrance
serving two rows of houses. The east end of the site is enclosed by wall, so the side lanes are
all dead-ended (cul-de-sac). The northernmost row of units is commercial.
All houses are one-jian units, oriented north-south. Their gardens on the south side
are beautifully landscaped with hedges, trees and flowers, which provide lively and pleasant
views to the internal space (Fig. 4.4c).
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The houses were skillfully designed in elevation. In two story, the houses are featured
with open gardens, sloped roofs, bay-windows and curved balconies in the southern facade,
and one-storied service yard at the back. Finished in white stucco and red tiles, the
architecture looks very exquisite in shades of green (Fig. 4.4d).
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The standard of this lilong is very good, enabling Chang-le to be one of the best New-type lilong in Shanghai. The interiors were well-furnished, having full equipped master bath-rooms on the second floor and small bath-rooms on the ground floor. Gas is provided in all
kitchens. The building distance is wide (1 : 1.5), offering a good sunlighting and ventilation
to the houses. Shops and a number of home commercial outlets to sell soft drinks, flower are
set along the entrances, whose owners usually keep an eye on incoming visitors. Since the
side lanes are very secure and wide, residents often use them to display and sun-dry clothes,
foods, and other belongings. The side lanes foster an atmosphere for a humane and elastic
residential life (Fig. 4.4e).
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The negative points of Chang-le Village are two. The westernmost units, adjacent to
Shan-xi Road, is disturbed by the street noise. The northernmost two rows of units have a
shorter building distance (1 : 0.7), therefore they are not so favorable as the other five rows
of houses.
DIAGRAM I:
| CHANG-LE VILLAGE |
| Type of Lilongs: New-type Lilong. Built: 1925 |
| Land Coverage: 1.91 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
19148 m2 |
Building |
53.5 % |
| Built Unit Density |
64.5 du/ha |
Circulation |
20.0% |
| Built Area Density |
9574 m2/ha |
Communal Green Space |
0 |
| Open Space Density |
387 m2/103m2 |
Defined Semi-public Space |
16.0% |
|
|
Private Open Space |
22.8% |
| # of Story |
2 |
# of Main Lanes |
0 |
| Building Distance & Ratio |
12m (1.5H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
- |
| # of Units |
129 |
# of Side-lanes |
6 |
| Units Prototypes |
one-jian |
Width of Side-lanes |
4-5m |
| Usable Open Spaces |
gardens as private open space;
side lanes as semi-public open spaces ; |
| Type of Greenery Space |
private gardens |
| Units of Garage |
none |
# of Entrances |
5 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units (129) |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes (104) |
| Commercial Units |
25 |
One-jian Units |
104 |
| Residential Units |
104 |
|
|
| Commercial Ratio |
25/129=19.8% |
|
|
| Residential Ratio |
104/129=80.6% |
|
|
4.5. Jing-an Villa (New-type Lilong)
Jing-an Villa is located in the central location of Jing-an District, in a most busy
commercial area of Shanghai (Fig. 4.5a). It is bordered by two streets - Nanjing Road on the
north and Wei-hai Road on the south. Its only main lane, running north-south across the
whole neighborhood, connects to twenty-four side lanes, which are all dead-ended (Fig. 4.5b).
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Jing-an Villa occupies an area of 2.35 hectares, and remains to be the largest-scaled
New-type lilong in Shanghai. It has 183 units in total, twenty of them along commercial
streets, and 163 built internally. The northernmost row of building is commercial units,
maintaining street-shop continuity along Nanjing Road. Nanjing Road is made up by four to
five-storied fashion stores, restaurants, and assorted housewares shops, most of them have
very modern finishes. Jing-an Villa, accessible from a gateway which is only 4m wide, can
hardly be recognized by passers-by when one is entangled in the bustling crowd and
commercial excitement occurred on Nanjing Road. The other street, Wei-hai Road is not
busy, and the southernmost row remained as residential units.
Within the 163 internal units, forty-seven were two-jian units, mostly built beside the
main lane, forty-nine were 5.4m wide one-jian units, and sixty-seven were 4.5m wide one-jian
units (Fig. 4.5c).
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Built in 1928, Jing-an Village was a good standard New-type lilong, and it has been
well-maintained after the Liberation. The buildings were constructed with fine materials in
good quality. Though the exterior was refinished recently, the structure still appeared sound,
no trace of deterioration. The lanes are wide - 7.0m for main lane and 5.0m for side lanes,
straight and clearly organized, providing an efficient framework for internal circulation and
emergency transportation. All the units, south and north double oriented, has a courtyard in
the front and a light-well at the back. Toilets and gas are found in the houses. All houses are
built in three stories - 9.6m in height. Building distance between the front and the back row
is 8.25m. Building distance ratio has reached 0.85 H, - a fairly good sunlighting and
ventilation condition in lilongs.
Housing units, aligned in rows in identical distance, optimize the land coverage. A
left-over odd-shaped space on the western part of the site is taken by five units of garages.
The land-use of the development is efficient.
Connecting two major roads such as Nanjing Road and Wei-hai Road, the main lane
seems active and busy. It allows vehicular traffic, but the residents and passers-by, mainly
bicyclists and pedestrians, compose the major internal traffic.
Compared to the main lane, the side lanes are much quieter. They are mainly utilized
by residents that live in houses fronting on them. Vehicles are not permitted in side lanes,
hence children can exercise freely (Fig. 4.5d).
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Some two-jian units along the main lane have combined home based business
activities. Among them, are fresh fruit sales counters, cigarette-selling-windows, fast-food
stands, and tailoring shops. The courtyards and side lane spaces have been used to
accommodate the home businesses.
In Jing-an Village, there is hardly any public green space. However, greenery can be
found lushly planted in every courtyard, and some grown in concrete planters along the main
lane.
There are some negative aspects for Jing-an Village. One is that the main lane, being
convenient link between two major roads, attracts many passers-by. Many people have use
it as a shortcut from Wei-hai Road to Nanjing Road. Hence it introduces strangers and has
evoked safety concern from residents. If the access to Jing-an Village through both entrances
are well controlled, this problem can be solved. Another negative aspect is that there are too
many small businesses inside the lilong. On one hand they provide convenient daily service
for the community and have provide opportunities to gain extra income for families; on the
other hand, they have disturbed the quietness and messed the clean public environment.
DIAGRAM I:
| JING-AN VILLAS |
| Type of Lilongs: New-type Lilong. Built: 1928 |
| Land Coverage: 2.35 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
34,300 m2 |
Building |
48.65% |
| Built Unit Density |
77.87 du/ha |
Circulation |
26.1% |
| Built Area Density |
14,595 m2/ha |
Communal |
0 |
| Open Space Density |
352 m2/103m2 |
Defined Semi-public Space |
18.9% |
| # of Story |
3 |
# of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Dist. & Ratio |
8.25m (0.85H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
7.0m |
| # of Units |
183 |
# of Side-lanes |
24 |
| Units Prototypes |
1-jian & 2-jian |
Width of Side lanes |
5m |
| Usable Open Spaces |
courtyards as private open space;
side lanes as the main semi-public space for neighborly
interaction; |
| Type of Greenery Space |
small green area in private court-yards, and belt-shaped
greenery space in public main lane. |
| Units of Garage |
5 |
# of Entrances |
2 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units (183) |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes (163) |
| # of Commercial Units |
20 |
5.4m-wide One-jian Units |
49 |
| # of Residential Units |
163 |
4.6m-wide One-jian Units |
67 |
| # of Comm.-units
Layouts |
3 |
# of Two-jian Units |
47 |
| # of Res.-units Layouts |
3 |
|
|
4.6. Huai-hai Village (New-type Lilong)
Huai-hai Village is located at northwest corner of Lu-wuan District, at the crossing
node of three districts of downtown - Lu-wuan, Jing-an and Xu-hui (Fig. 4.6a). It can be
accessed at 927 Huai-hai Road - a very renowned major commercial street of Shanghai, and
Mao-ming Road at its intersection with Nan-chang Road. Buildings on Huai-hai Road are
mostly four to six-storied, some of them are grand multi-functional shopping malls. Buildings
on Mao-ming Road are two to three-storied. There are a few high-rise developments erected
in vicinity.
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The site is long narrow and L-shaped. Its main lane is L-shaped consequently,
extending from the north entrance at Huai-hai Road to the south-east entrance at Mao-ming
Road. Side lanes have different longitude, with some having over thirty units aligning in one
row (Fig. 4.6b).
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There are altogether 183 units built on the site. Sixteen of them, located on the north
and east street frontage, were converted to shops on their ground floor.
Lined with a series of modern shops and grand malls on Huai-hai Road, the formal
access to Huai-hai Village is only a passage with a board carving this village' name hanging
on the overhead building. If you are not attentive, you may not be aware of the entrance,
especially when your attention might be distracted by commercial activities going on around
the entrance (Fig. 4.6d). Though congested and noisy, this entrance controlled by the
residents' committee office, demarcates the boundary between the public space of the city and
the semi-public space of Huai-hai Village, and separate the commercial and the domestic
activities. Several of public phones are available at the entrance for internal and external use.
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The other entrance is less busy, but is also supervised by a few home businesses which
have grow up after the economic reforms were introduced. There are restaurants and a
morning food market nearby, and assorted small shops along Mao-ming Road and Nan-chang
Road, providing sufficient and economic choice to local residents.
Since there are abundant shops nearby, there are only a few home businesses within
Huai-hai Village. The lanes are kept clean and neat. The inside traffic is light. Though
situated in a noisy location, this lilong enjoys a harmonious and peaceful internal living
atmosphere.
Basic social service is provided inside the lilong. On location A (marked on site plan),
a small deposit bank (serving the residents only) and a library are housed in one courtyard,
and a kids' playing-room in its neighboring courtyard. Residents visit this spot very
frequently (Fig. 4.6e).
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All the units are one-jian units, north and south oriented. Each has a courtyard on the
south, enclosed with a 2m brick wall, and a light-well on the north
(Fig. 4.6c). Greenery are
flourishingly planted in every courtyard. The buildings are three story high constructed in
concrete-brick mixed structure. The exterior is featured with sloped roof, gray tiles and red
brick wall. Roof terraces can be seen in some of the third floors. The interior had toilet and
gas appliances. Some families have newly assembled air-conditioners in their rooms.
Generally, the summer weather in Shanghai is hot and humid. The three-story buildings and
lots of trees cast shadow on half area of the ground at most of the time, hence residents like
to sit in side lanes and enjoy the cool during the day. The side lanes become very usable semi-public open space (Fig. 4.6f).
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There are some negative aspects in Huai-hai Village. Some side lanes seem too lone,
this has not only caused inconvenience in internal circulation, but also block diagonal
ventilation which is essentially driven by southeast wind. The long walking route, though
good for safety control, result a dry and dull architectural appearance. In the interior, there
are no toilets in the third floor of every unit, hence the residents in the third floor have to
come down to use toilets in the second floor.
DIAGRAM I:
| HUAI-HAI FANG |
| Type of Lilongs: New-type Lilong. Built: 1924 |
| Land Coverage: 1.73 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
27,619 m2 |
Building |
53.2 % |
| Built Unit Density |
105.8 du/ha |
Circulation |
33.2% |
| Built Area Density |
15,965 m2/ha |
Communal Green Space |
0 |
| Open Space Density |
143m2/103m2 |
Defined Semi-public Space |
12.1% |
|
|
Private Open Space |
10.8% |
|
|
Others |
2.8% |
| # of Building Story |
3 |
# of Main Lanes |
3 |
| Building Distance Ratio |
8.6m (0.9H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
4.5,7.0,7.5m |
| # of Total Built Units |
183 |
# of Side-lanes |
12 |
| Basic Unit Prototypes |
one-jian |
Width of Side-lanes |
5m
(mainly) |
| Usable Open Spaces |
courtyards as private open space;
side lanes as the main semi-public open spaces;
the entrances used as public open spaces sometimes. |
| Type of Greenery Space |
trees and plants in private court-yards |
| # of Garage Units |
- |
# of Entrance |
2 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units (183) |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes |
| Commercial Units |
16 |
One-jian Units |
167 |
| Residential Units |
167 |
|
|
| Commercial Ratio |
16/183=8.7% |
|
|
| Residential Ratio |
167/183=92.3% |
|
|
4.7 Li-yang Garden (Garden Lilong)
Li-yang Garden is located at 1156 Li-yang Road in the center of Hong-kou District,
bordered by Chang-chun Road on the west (Fig. 4.7a). Not in a busy district, the
surroundings are dominated by convenient stores, food markets, small-scaled social service
and low-rise housing. As a large-scaled garden lilong, Li-yang Garden has seventy semi-detached garden houses aligning in four rows. Every row of houses is north-south oriented
and broadly distanced. There are no commercial units in this lilong (Fig. 4.7b). Main lanes
seem not apparent in the overall plan. The side lanes are wide and straight, and allow
vehicular traffic. However, being heavily protected by dense woods along the exterior walls,
the living space of houses are not disturbed.
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Every house is placed in a generous-sized lot and enclosed with 4m high exterior
brick walls. A luscious garden is placed in front of the house and a service yard placed at the
back. The grand front garden and the service yard is attached, generating an openness and
spaciousness through out the internal courtyard.
A security office and a residents' committee room are set in one entrance, making it
the only control of this lilong. The rest entrances are left open. There are assorted small
shops along Chang-chun Road, and a local free-market in the vicinity. Vendors and strangers
from the market places can freely walk into the internal lanes. On the contrary, residents are
seldom seen in the lanes. The side lanes are not designed in a human scale, hence unsuitable
for intimate neighborly interaction. The residents have withdrew their social activities from
public space of lanes to semi-private spaces of interior gardens, especially when these gardens
are very attractive due to their generous size, lusty plants, and well-enclosed character.
Hence the lanes have gradually lost their functions as supplementary space for housework and
public ground for social interaction.
Every house has double access. In the original idea, the southern entrance served as
formal entry to the house, the northern entrance provided convenient access for service
activities. However, since every house has been subdivided by several of families, these
different functions of entrance have gradually lost. Now each entrance is used for separate
entry by different families. The front garden and backyard are also assigned to different users.
The service yard is advantageous in preparing cooking and conducting housework. The front
garden is available for gardening or sun-drying clothes. Sometimes these courtyards can still
be shared in use for certain purpose, for example, as playground for children or as sitting area
for elderly.
The architecture reflect a beautiful decoration and skillful design. The volume of each
house is composed as a higher main body (three stories) connecting to a lower wing (one-storied kitchen). Its southern exterior is characterized by a series arch-framed windows
trimmed in red brick lintel and tiger-room (attic) mounted on the four-sided sloped roof (Fig.
4.7c).
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Residents living here belong to the prestigious social class, or whose predecessors had
originally own a property here. They are admired by ordinary Shanghaineses, since it's
increasingly more difficult to find a house with enclosed private garden in a location not far
from downtown today.
For the negative side, the lanes are not efficiently used by residents individually or
neighborly. The strong socially interacting attitude spread out in the in Shi-ku-men type of
lilongs is diminished.
DIAGRAM I:
| LI-YANG GARDEN |
| Type of Lilongs: Garden Lilong. Built: 1914 |
| Land Coverage: 3.94 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
25,326 m2 |
Building Coverage |
22.4 % |
| Built Unit Density |
17.8 du/ha |
Circulation |
19.8% |
| Built Area Density |
6428 m2/ha |
Private |
38.7% |
| Open Space Density |
920m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
0 |
|
|
Others |
19.1% |
| # of Building Story |
3 |
Number of Main Lanes |
- |
| Building Dist. & Ratio |
21m (1.9H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
- |
| # of Total Built Units |
70 |
Number of Side-lanes |
3 |
| # of Unit Layouts |
1 |
Width of Side-lanes |
11m |
| Unit Prototypes |
1 |
|
|
| Usable Open Spaces |
private gardens & back-yards. |
| Type of Greenery Space |
private gardens |
| # of Garage Units |
|
# of Entrances |
5 |
4.8 Shang-fang Garden (Garden Lilong)
Shang-fang Garden, 2.66 ha, is located at 1285 Huai-hai Road in the northern part of
Xu-hui District (Fig, 4.8a). Its surrounding environment are quiet, dominated mostly by
garden lilongs, government agencies, and institutions. Some local shops and restaurants can
be found in small scale nearby.
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Shang-fang Garden consists of sixty-eight garden houses aligning in five rows (Fig.
4.8b). All garden houses are south-north oriented, facing to private south gardens. There is
one entrance on Huai-hai Road. One main lane starts from the entrance and runs southward,
connecting to side lanes in a T-pattern. In the middle of the site, there is a secondary lane
paralleling to Huai-hai Road, and is now converted to a belt-shaped public garden. It divides
the whole community into two different user's groups.
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Houses were designed in two different standards. The northern three rows of garden
houses had more spacious standard and higher quality of facilities. The thirty-six units
occupied larger lots, confronted with grand gardens. There are five floor plans applied on
them. Generally, each house had a living-room, a dining-room and a kitchen, a library, and
seven to eight bedrooms. High furnished bathrooms were placed on every floor. A garage
space was also included in the house (Fig. 4.8c).
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For the southern two rows of garden houses, there are thirty-two units and four floor
plans, more or less similar to that of northern houses. However, garages and libraries were
not included in the houses, the bedrooms diminished in size and number, and bathrooms were
not provided on every floor (Fig. 4.8c).
Beside the garden houses, there are one four-storied apartment building, six three-storied New-type lilong units, and a one-storied garage for three parking stalls built on the
northernmost edge of the site.
Beautifully landscaped and lustily planted, the belt-shaped public garden provides a
nice open space for residents, and enriches the clearly structured environment. The garden
houses, abundant of natural light and ventilation, equipped with high standard utilities and
facilities, have enabled Shang-fang Garden to be one of the best residential neighborhood in
Shanghai.
DIAGRAM I:
| SHANG-FANG GARDEN |
| Type of Lilongs: Garden Lilong. Built: 1938 |
| Land Coverage: 2.66 ha. |
|
| Density |
Land-use Distribution |
| Total Built Area |
25,000 m2 |
Building Coverage |
31.3% |
| Built Unit Density |
25.56 du/ha |
Circulation |
23.0% |
| Built Area Density |
9,398 m2/ha |
Private |
28.0% |
| Open Space Density |
596m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
0 |
|
|
Communal |
4.8% |
|
|
Others |
12.9% |
| # of Building Story |
3 |
# of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Dist. & Ratio |
16m (1.7H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
9.5m |
| # of Total Built Units |
68 |
# of Side lanes |
8 |
| # of Unit Layouts |
9 |
Width of Side-lanes |
6m |
| Usable Open Spaces |
private gardens for private activities;
the belt-shaped communal garden used for public interaction. |
| Type of Greenery Space |
private gardens & the communal garden |
| the Northern Units |
the Southern Units |
| # of Units |
36 |
# of Units |
32 |
| Unit Prototype |
7, 8-room
detached
home |
Unit Prototypes |
7, 8-room
semi-detached |
| # of Unit Layouts |
5 |
# of Unit Layouts |
4 |
| Area per unit |
150 m2 |
Average Area per unit |
70 m2 |
| # of Garage Units |
36 |
# of Garage Units |
2 |
4.9 Shan-nan Village (Apartment Lilong)
Shan-nan Village is a cluster of sixteen point-block buildings built on an irregular-shaped site. It is located at the northeast intersection of Shan-nan Road and Fu-shing Road
in the far west of Lu-wuan District, and is only two blocks away from Huai-hai Road, where
dynamic shopping activities foster an exciting urban ambiance (Fig. 4.9a). Built in 1940, it
was invested by a Christian Church and had once named as Royal Apartments. After
Liberation, its name was changed to Shan-nan Village. The traffic in the intersection seems
busy. The local streets contains some flavor restaurants, grocery stores and a few fashion
shops.
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The only entrance of Shan-nan Village is set on the west side between the first and the
second row of buildings, where a gas station nearby occupies the streetfront (Fig. 4.9b). The
internal lanes, none of them straightforward, keep arbitrary routes as this was an idea
permeated in the overall plan. All buildings, in four-storied high in concrete-framed structure,
were designed in a same "butter-fly" layout, and were integrated with patches of organic
pattern of green space. The ensemble of sixteen buildings maintains its general orientation
towards the south, however each individual building may twist a little angle to respond to the
incoming route and the overall spatial composition.
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Each floor plan contains two 3-bedroom suites. Each suite has windows on four
orientation and receives cross-ventilation (Fig. 4.9c). There are eight apartment suites for
every building and that amounts to one hundred and twenty-eight apartment suites for this
entire lilong. Parking space of eighty-six stalls are placed dispersally, taking the odd-shaped
or left-over land of the site. The building distance is not wide (the building distance ratio is
1 : 0.5 - 1: 0.8), but by having an organic organization pattern and by fully using the building
gap, the actual building distance ratio is no less than 1:1.
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The great flexibility and elasticity permeated in the overall spatial organization allow
sixteen buildings to take full advantage of a compact, irregularly-shaped site, and to create
a vivacious and pleasing ambiance throughout it. The meandering lanes draw one's attention
forward as the undulating visual sequence deal with turns of direction, change of views, opening
up and closing down of space, and the succession of buildings that pass along-side. The contrast
of texture, bright colored materials, plenty supply of daylighting, and integration of landscape, all
come into play of one's perception of the place. This fascinating experience adds to the
Specialness and identity of the built structure of Shan-nan Village (Fig. 4.9d). The beautifully
landscaped greenery space enriches the sloped-roofed architecture, and provide different
scales of open spaces for the residents to socialize. A group of elderly has been observed
doing Tai-ji ( a Chinese slow-paced body exercise) in one of the open space, and clothes
displaying in the open area.
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Constructed in concrete-frame, furnished in wooden plank floors, high-ceilings, and
equipped with full bath, gas, electricity, fireplaces and some other supplies, Shan-nan Village
is one of the upper standard apartment lilong of Shanghai. Residents are happy to live in such
a tranquil environment and still enjoy the convenience of daily life since public transportation
and a variety of shopping choice can be found in proximity.
DIAGRAM I:
| SHAN-NAN VILLAGE |
| Type of Lilongs: Apartment Lilong. Built Year: 1940 |
| Land Coverage: 1.62 ha. |
|
| Total Built Area |
22,680 m2 |
Building Coverage |
35.4% |
| Built Unit Density |
79.01 du/ha |
Circulation |
17.8% |
| Built Area Density |
14,100 m2/ha |
Private |
0 |
| Open Space Density |
458m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
0 |
|
|
Communal & Public |
25.2% |
|
|
Others |
21.6% |
| Number of Rows |
4 |
Number of Main Lanes |
- |
| Building Distance Ratio |
14m (0.95H) |
Width of Main Lanes |
5m |
| Number of Units |
128 |
Number of Side-lanes |
- |
| Number of Unit Layout |
1 |
Width of Side-lanes |
1.2 ~5m |
| Units Prototypes |
3-room unit |
|
|
| Usable Open Spaces |
communal green space & side-lanes used for neighborly
leisurely activities; |
| Type of Green Spaces |
communal greenery |
| Units of Garage |
86 |
Number of Entrance |
1 |
DIAGRAM II:
| Distribution of Commercial &
Residential Built Units |
Distribution of Residential Unit
Prototypes |
| Commercial Units |
|
Two-jian Units |
|
| Residential Units |
|
Three-jian Units |
|
| Commercial Ratio |
|
Two-jian Ratio |
|
| Residential Ratio |
|
Three-jian Ratio |
|
4.10 Garden Apartment (Apartment Lilong)
Garden Apartment Lilong, 0.90 ha, is located at 1173 west Nanjing Road in the
southeast of Jing-an District (Fig. 4.10a). Located in a rectangular-shaped site, its
surroundings is a very flourishing and busy commercial area. The street facade on Nanjing
Road are commonly four to six-storied buildings for a variety of stores.
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Garden Apartment comprised of four four-storied concrete-slab buildings, all
paralleled to Nanjing Road. There is only one entrance from Nanjing Road. The main lane
is placed at the west end, connecting to four side lanes. Each side lane has integrated large
communal green space in the center, lustily planted (Fig. 4.10b).
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The northernmost building has commercial space on the ground floor, accessible from
the north, while apartment suites are placed on the upper three floors, accessible from the
south. The other three buildings consist of only apartment suites and all are accessible from
the north. There are sixty apartment suites in total for the whole site, twelve 3-bedroom
suites, thirty 4-bedroom, suites, twelve 5-bedroom suites, and six 6-bedroom suites. The
great variety of suite types provides a wide range of choice to the tenants. Every apartment
building has three entrances, and each entrance serves two suites per landing (Fig. 4.10c).
All suites enjoy cross-ventilation. Basements are found in all buildings. The basements in the
northern two buildings are attached together and are used as a underground coffee shop and
kitchen, accessible from the commercial street. The basements in the southern two buildings
are used as depository space for the internal business or as storage-room for residents.
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<? Thumbnail('li-fig410cs-sm.jpg','li-fig410cs.jpg'); ?> |
<? Thumbnail('li-fig410s-sm.jpg','li-fig410s.jpg'); ?> |
All buildings are concrete-framed structure. Their exterior display a rich western
ornamentation. The three entrances on the ground floor are highlighted with Greek-styled
columns with gabled roof above. The interior of the apartments are furnished in high
standard, with wooden-floor and full bathroom facilities.
Beside the four apartment buildings, there were two rows of parking lots built on the
southernmost part of the site, intended for thirty-six garage spots. These parking lots were
removed after Liberation and housing were erected instead.
There are several of small business such as a dry fruit sale window, groceries, and a
cloth shop, clustered around the entrance and along the main lane. While maintaining a
commercial continuity with Nanjing Road, these shops, owned by residents, also provided
surveillance to the inside environment. Public phones are provided at the entrance. A game-room and a reading-room for tenants to use are houses nearby.
There are several of negative aspects of the Garden Apartment. 1). The apartment
suites along the commercial street, though have good views towards the most flourishing
district of Shanghai, are somehow disturbed by street noise. 2). The congestion around the
entrance and along the main lane caused by small-scaled home business, has somehow
blocked traffic. 3). The traditional ambiance of busy activities in intimate scales of lanes
cultivated in Shi-ku-men type of lilongs seems missing from this apartment lilong due to large-sized building mass and westernized off-ground pattern of apartment living. The rectangular-shaped communal green spaces in the center of lanes are not humane and hence are seriously
under-used.
DIAGRAM I:
| GARDEN APARTMENT |
| Type of Lilongs: Apartment Lilong. Built Year: 1931 |
| Land Coverage: 0.90 ha. |
|
| Total Built Area |
10,461 m2 |
Building Coverage |
33.21% |
| Built Unit Density |
66.67 du/ha |
Circulation |
35.1% |
| Built Area Density |
11,623 m2/ha |
Private |
0 |
| Open Space Density |
468m2/103m2 |
Semi-public |
0 |
|
|
Communal |
19.3% |
|
|
Others |
12.4% |
| Number of Story |
3.5 |
Number of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Dist. & Ratio |
16.7m |
Width of Main Lanes |
7m |
| Number of Units |
60 |
Number of Sub-lanes |
6 |
| Number of Unit Layout |
4 |
Width of Sub-lanes |
3.5m |
| Units Prototypes |
2,3,4, 5-room
unit |
|
|
| Type of Green Spaces |
private gardens & communal green space |
| Usable Open Spaces |
communal gardens for social interaction,
side lanes and entrance for small-scale commercial activities. |
| Units of Garage |
36 |
Number of Entrances |
2 |
4.11 Shing-kang Garden (Mixed type of Lilong)
Shing-kang Garden is built on a long narrow site between Huai-hai Road and Fu-shing
Road in the north of Xu-hui District (Fig. 4.11a). It is located in the east neighborhood of
Shang-fang Garden (case 4.8). As described before, the surrounding area is mostly high-standard housing neighborhoods (garden lilongs), and work unit compounds. Commercial
activities are one or two blocks away.
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Consisting of two pattern of living, Shing-kang Garden is a mixed type of lilong. The
southern part of the site is given to four four-storied apartment buildings, situated quadranglly
facing to a central communal green space. The northern part of the site is occupied by eleven
two-storied detached garden houses, each confronted with a spacious private garden. A
garage space containing twenty-three parking stalls intended for the apartment suites, is
placed in the middle of the site (Fig. 4.11b).
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A main lane runs from the north to the south and divides the site into two. Provided
with two entrances, the garden houses can be mainly accessed from the northern entrance at
1273 Huai-hai Road, and the apartments building can be accessed from the southern entrance
at 1360 Fu-shing Road.
Shing-kang Garden is a high standard lilong in Shanghai. The garden houses, south-north oriented and widely distanced, face to grand gardens and enclosed with partially-hollowed exterior walls. Each house contains two 4-bedroom suites placed at two levels, and
accessible from separate entrance. The ground floor suite has a generous verandah, and the
second floor suite has a spacious balcony. A garage room for both two suites is placed at the
far end (from the main lane) of the house. An exterior staircase is anchored in front of the
garden, leading to a roof terrace (used for drying clothes and foods, etc.) above the garage
(Fig. 4.11c).
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The house is characterized by its Spanish-style architecture, with two-sided sloped
roof atopped with a chimney and an arch-framed colonnade projecting onto the front garden
(Fig. 4.11d).
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In the southern part of the site, each apartment building contains two 2-bedroom
suites on the first three stories, and two split-level 4-bedroom suites on the top two stories
(Fig. 4.11e). There are twenty-four 2-bedroom suites and eight 4-bedroom suites in total in
the four apartment buildings. The building's exterior is similar to a modern apartment
building (Fig. 4.11f).
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Both houses and apartment buildings applied concrete-framed structure and are
featured with green-trimmed decoration on the exterior. The integration of two different
types of house models has enabled an merge of two different life styles and thus promote
social interaction between the two different user's group. The separate entrance benefit a
convenient administration and safety control over the entire environment. The display of low-rise and middle-rise buildings in one neighborhood increases the enticing character of this
environment.
Residents living in the garden houses are generally prominent figures of government
agencies, just like its original users. A few luxurious cars are observed parking along the main
lane. It is hard for the author to have a dialogue with residents, since they seldom appeared
in the outside open space, nor could the author enter the private gardens since they are
heavily guarded.
Shing-kang Garden is featured with generous spatial standard, large greenery space,
tasteful layout and high quality of interior finish and utilities. There are no small business and
venders in this lilong, but it is in close proximity to a vast array of convenient stores and
shopping centers, as well as a diversity of entertainment facilities. Though vehicles are
allowed in, the traffic on the lanes is mostly internal, since the entrances are gated. Lustily
treed and well maintained, the internal environment of Shing-kang Garden cultivates a
pleasing and tranquil ambiance, enabling residents to tuck away from the intensity of a
bustling city. The architecture along with the historic value of Shing-kang Garden is
considered as a cultural heritage of Shanghai and hence preserved as an important estate by
the municipality.
DIAGRAM I:
| SHING-KANG GARDEN |
| Type of Lilongs: Garden Lilong. Built: 1933 |
| Land Coverage: 1.3 ha. |
|
| Total Built Area |
9318 m2 |
# of Main Lanes |
1 |
| Building Coverage |
- |
Width of Main Lanes |
7m |
| Built Unit Density |
41.54 du/ha |
# of side-lanes |
10 |
| Built Area Density |
7168 m2/ha |
Width of side-lanes |
4.8m |
| Usable Open Spaces |
private gardens for private and neighborly activities;
side-lanes used as semi-public open spaces. |
| Type of Greenery Space |
private gardens and communal green space |
| Apartment Units |
Garden Units |
| # of Units |
32 |
# of Units |
22 |
| Unit Prototype |
2, 4-bedrm unit |
Unit Prototype |
4-bedrm unit |
| # of 4-room Units |
8 |
|
|
| # of 2-room Units |
24 |
|
|
| # of Garage Units |
23 |
# of Garage Units |
11 |
15.
15 This chapter contains information about 11 lilong communities which were surveyed by the author
during field trip. Except the site plans and floor plans of each lilong which were referenced from existing
information, the rest of the information was collected by the author. The drawings were made by the
author. Each case study was followed at the end by a diagram (prepared by the author ) to summarize the
general quantitative data of that lilong.
16.
16 Commercial & residential in total.
17.
17 The original ancestral room.
18.
18 Facilitated after the Liberation.
19.
19 Shanghai is renowned for its light industry and commerce. People from all over the country, especially
in neighboring region frequently travel to Shanghai to buy clothes and other home appliances. So the
service profession in Shanghai is very active.
20.
20 East shore of Huang-pu River, now opened as the new economic development special zone.
21.
21 The term of "room" here indicates a space which is a subdivision based on the original complete one-jian.
22.
22 A jian has several of posts as structural support.
23.
23 The sum of public, semi-public, private and some other open areas produced by every 1,000m2 of built
area. The same thing for diagrams of the next 10 cases.
24.
24 This percentage is included in the circulation land-use percentage. The same for diagrams of the next
10 cases.
25.
25 All are home business.